Abstract
The innovation component, one of the most important parts of which is human capital, is beginning to play a leading role in the modern conditions of economic development. This determines the research relevance of assessing its condition and opportunities for its development in different countries. The study aimed to analyse human capital in developed countries and to find opportunities for using their experience in Kazakhstan. Within the framework of the research, the possibilities of the Republic of Kazakhstan to increase its competitiveness in the international arena were assessed. The state of certain components of human capital in the country was also described, namely in the context of education and health care, and positive trends in these areas were noted. By analysing the experience of developed countries, ways to increase the level of human capital in the country were shown. Reforms should be aimed at improving the quality of education and making it more selective: in other words, it should become less accessible to increase its value. Concerning health care, the country should undertake reforms that would be aimed at developing insurance in the field to enable the provision of health care services to citizens. The study also showed that by implementing such reforms, the country can achieve significant positive results in human capital development in the long run. The work brings new knowledge for assessing the innovativeness of economic development, as well as finding new solutions and opportunities to improve the state of human capital in Kazakhstan
Keywords
public policy, international relations, innovation, education, health care
References
[1] Alishli, A., Alili, A., Teymurova, V., & Huseynov, R. (2024). Labour market regulation of individual countries under an applied interpretation of Keynes and Friedman’s theories. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 29(1), 24-42. doi: 10.17512/pjms.2024.29.1.02.
[2] Angrist, N., Djankov, S., Goldberg, P.K., & Patrinos, H.A. (2021). Measuring human capital using global learning data. Nature, 592, 403-408. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03323-7.
[3] Attanasio, O., Cattan, S., & Meghir, C. (2022). Early childhood development, human capital, and poverty. Annual Review of Economics, 14, 853-892. doi: 10.1146/annurev-economics-092821-053234.
[4] Baktymbet, S.S., Baktymbet, A.S., & Serikkyzy, А. (2023). Assessment of human capital development and its impact on the economy of the country. Bulletin of the Karaganda University Economy Series, 103(3), 4-14. doi: 10.31489/2021ec3/4-14.
[5] Benoît, C., & Coron, G. (2019). Private health insurance in France: Between europeanization and collectivization. Milbank Quarterly, 97(4), 1108-1150. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12420.
[6] Bokenchin, K., Bokenchina, L., Stavbunik, Ye., & Zhidkoblinova, O. (2024). Investigation of the impact of technological innovations in mechanical engineering on production efficiency in Kazakhstan. Economic Annals-XXI, 207(1-2), 16-28. doi: 10.21003/ea.V207-03.
[7] Bumane, I., Zvirgzdina, R., Hura, N., Metelytsia, V., Otenko, I., Bialoshytskyi, M. (2024). Financing the implementation of HR engineering in manufacturing enterprises in the context of the country's digital economy formation. Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice, 5(58), 522-533. doi: 10.55643/fcaptp.5.58.2024.4468.
[8] Bureau of National Statistics Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2023). Higher education in the Republic of Kazakhstan (2023). Retrieved from https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/112867/file/en/.
[9] Bureau of National Statistics Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2024a). Higher education in the Republic of Kazakhstan (At the beginning of the 2024-2025 academic year). Retrieved from https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/277816/file/en/.
[10] Bureau of National Statistics Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2024b). Organizations providing special social services (2023). Retrieved from https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/161418/file/en/.
[11] Butenko, D., Zaslavska, K., & Sheianova, Yu. (2023). Scientific and methodological principles of organizational capital management and its assessment. Economics of Development, 22(3), 52-61. doi: 10.57111/econ/3.2023.52.
[12] Deming, D.J. (2022). Four facts about human capital. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(3), 75-102. doi: 10.1257/jep.36.3.75.
[13] Galan, S. (n.d.). Estimated number of universities worldwide as of July 2023, by country. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/918403/number-of-universities-worldwide-by-country/
[14] Hippe, R. (2020). Human capital in European regions since the French revolution: Lessons for economic and education policies. Revue D’économie Politique, 130(1), 27-50. doi: 10.3917/redp.301.0027.
[15] Huang, S.-Z., Chien, F., & Sadiq, M. (2021). A gateway towards a sustainable environment in emerging countries: The nexus between green energy and human capital. Economic Research, 35(1), 4159-4176. doi: 10.1080/1331677X.2021.2012218.
[16] Issayeva, G.K., Zhussipova, E.Y., Kuralbayeva, A.S., Beisenova, M.U., Maulenkulova, G.E., & Zhakipbekova, D.S. (2020). Convergent technologies in science and innovations in Kazakhstan. Business and Society Review, 125(4), 411-424. doi: 10.1111/basr.12215.
[17] Janshanlo, R.E., Kogut, O.Y., & Czerewacz-Filipowicz, K. (2019). Human capital management trend in the innovative economy of Kazakhstan. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 20(2), 267-278. doi: 10.17512/pjms.2019.20.2.22.
[18] Janshanlo, R.E., Nurgaliyeva, G.K., Oralbaeva, Z.Z., Dzhakisheva, U.K., & Aktureeva, E.A. (2020). The content and role of human capital in the modern economy of Kazakhstan. Human Systems Management, 39(1), 81-92. doi: 10.3233/HSM-190625.
[19] Kazhmuratova, A., Akhmetkaliyeva, S., Boltaeva, A., & Moldabekova, A. (2020). Introduction of environmental innovations in the Republic of Kazakhstan. E3S Web Conference, 159, article number 01005. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202015901005.
[20] Ketners, K. (2024). Developing potential budget reform for Latvia: Shifting from conventional to contemporary budgeting. Social and Legal Studios, 7(2), 55-63. doi: 10.32518/sals2.2024.55.
[21] Khamzina, Z., Buribayev, Y., Yermukanov, Y., & Alshurazova, A. (2020). Is it possible to achieve gender equality in Kazakhstan: Focus on employment and social protection. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20(1), 5-20. doi: 10.1177/1358229120927904.
[22] Khan, R., & Chaudhry, I.S. (2019). Impact of human capital on employment and economic growth in developing countries. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 5(3), 487-496. doi: 10.26710/reads.v5i3.701.
[23] Khan, Z., Hossain, M.R., Badeeb, R.A., & Zhang, C. (2023). Aggregate and disaggregate impact of natural resources on economic performance: Role of green growth and human capital. Resources Policy, 80, article number 103103. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103103.
[24] Kichurchak, M. (2024). Human capital in the sustainable development of EU countries: A longitudinal data analysis. Economic Forum, 14(1), 18-27. doi: 10.62763/cb/1.2024.18.
[25] Kuzior, A., Arefieva, O., Kovalchuk, A., Brozek, P., & Tytykalo, V. (2022). Strategic guidelines for the intellectualization of human capital in the context of innovative transformation. Sustainability, 14(19), article number 11937. doi: 10.3390/su141911937.
[26] Ng, Q.X., Ong, C., Chan, K.E., Ong, T.S.K., Lim, I.J.X., Tang, A.S.P., Chan, H.W., & Koh, G.C.H. (2024). Comparative policy analysis of national rare disease funding policies in Australia, Singapore, South Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States: A scoping review. Health Economics Review, 14(1), article number 42. doi: 10.1186/s13561-024-00519-1.
[27] Osipov, V.S., Yankovskaya, V.V., Zakharov, M.Y., & Vorozheykina, T.M. (2021). Quality of human capital of developing countries: Measuring and management. International Journal for Quality Research, 16(2), 461-480. doi: 10.24874/IJQR16.02-09.
[28] Pētersone, M., Ketners, K., Krieviņš, D., Erins, I., Rakauskiene, O.G., & Eriņa, I. (2021). Network for disease-specific networking strategy to increasing of public value: Latvia’s approach. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 267, 363-370. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-80876-1_46.
[29] Ponomarenko, V., & Pysarchuk, O. (2024). Peculiarities of the impact of learning losses on the formation of human capital in Ukraine under martial law. Economics of Development, 23(1), 38-52. doi: 10.57111/econ/1.2024.38.
[30] Rezaei, F., Khalilzadeh, M., & Soleimani, P. (2021). Factors affecting knowledge management and its effect on organizational performance: Mediating the role of human capital. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, 2021, article number 8857572. doi: 10.1155/2021/8857572.
[31] Ritchie, H., Samborska, V., Ahuja, N., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M. (2023). Global education. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/global-education.
[32] Sadyrova, M., Yusupov, K., & Imanbekova, B. (2021). Innovation processes in Kazakhstan: Development factors. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10, article number 36. doi: 10.1186/s13731-021-00183-3.
[33] Sarkodie, S.A., Adams, S., Owusu, P.A., Leirvik, T., & Ozturk, I. (2020). Mitigating degradation and emissions in China: The role of environmental sustainability, human capital and renewable energy. Science of the Total Environment, 719, article number 137530. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137530.
[34] Sima, V., Gheorghe, I.G., Subić, J., & Nancu, D. (2020). Influences of the Industry 4.0 revolution on the human capital development and consumer behavior: A systematic review. Sustainability, 12(10), article number 4035. doi: 10.3390/su12104035.
[35] Sultana, T., Dey, S.R., & Tareque, M. (2022). Exploring the linkage between human capital and economic growth: A look at 141 developing and developed countries. Economic Systems, 46(3), article number 101017. doi: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2022.101017.
[36] Tjia, L.Y.-nor. (2022). Kazakhstan’s leverage and economic diversification amid Chinese connectivity dreams. Third World Quarterly, 43(4), 797-822. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2022.2027237.
[37] Toimbek, D. (2022). Building the human capital in Kazakhstan: Information-processing skills and socio-economic outcomes of the population. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 29(2), 683-702. doi: 10.1177/14779714221145861.
[38] Wang, Q., Zhang, F., & Li, R. (2023). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in 208 counties: The roles of trade openness, human capital, renewable energy and natural resource rent. Environmental Research, 216(3), article number 114637. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114637.
[39] World Bank. (2020). Kazakhstan: Human Capital Index 2020. Retrieved from https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/hci/HCI_2pager_KAZ.pdf.
[40] Yarovaya, L., Mirza, N., Abaidi, J., & Hasnaoui, A. (2021). Human capital efficiency and equity funds’ performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Review of Economics & Finance, 71, 584-591. doi: 10.1016/j.iref.2020.09.017.
[41] Zhang, L., Van Iddekinge, C.H., Ployhart, R.E., Arnold, J.D., & Jordan, S.L. (2023). The definition and measurement of human capital resources: A content and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(9), 1486-1514. doi: 10.1037/apl0001088.